Alphabet and Punctuation

Αα  Ββ  Γγ  Δδ  Εε  Ζζ  Ηη  Θθ  Ιι  Κκ  Λλ  Μμ Νν  Ξξ Οο  Ππ  Ρρ  Σσς  Ττ  Υυ  Φφ  Χχ  Ψψ  Ωω

3. The short vowels are α, ε, ι, ο, υ.
3. Long vowels are ᾱ, η, ῑ, ω, ῡ.*
3. The diphthongs are αι, αυ, ει, ευ, οι, ου, ηυ, υι.

Consonants

3. Double Consonants: ξ, ψ
3. Semivowels:     γ-nasal;         liquids: λ, μ, ν, ρ;         sibilant: σ
3. Mutes:

   	Classes						Orders
   	Labial	or π-mutes	π	β	φ		Smooth mutes:	π	κ	τ
   	Palatal	or κ-mutes	κ	γ	χ		Middle mutes:	β	γ	δ
   	Dental, Lingual	or τ-mutes	τ	δ	θ		Rough mutes:	φ	χ	θ

3. A word beginning with a vowel, diphthong, or the letter ρ will have a breathing mark.
3. A rough breathing adds an "h" sound: ἑν (pronounced "hen," which means one)
3. A smooth breathing has no effect on pronunciation: ἐν (pronounced "en," which means in)
3. Breathing marks go on the second vowel in a diphthong ( υἱός, "hwee-OS," son).
3. Breathing marks are tucked under circumflex accents ( ὧδε, "HO-de," thus).

3. Greek commas and periods are used just as in English.
3. Greek colon is a dot above the line (·), used like the English colon or semicolon.
3. The Greek question mark is the English semicolon (;).

3. A short final vowel may be dropped when the next word begins with a vowel: ἐπὶ αὐτόν -> ἐπ' αὐτόν

3. Often added to words ending in -σι and to all verbs of third person ending in -ε, when the next word begins with a vowel.
3. Also added at the end of a sentence.

3. A Greek word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels or diphthongs.
3. A syllable is long by nature when it contains a long vowel or diphthong.
3. Single and combined consonants are usually placed at the beginning of a syllable.
3. Last three syllables are called: antepenult, penult, and ultima. (mnemonic: ante-pen-ultima)

Basic Accent Rules

3. Final αι and οι are considered short when determining accent (except in the optative mood and in the adverb οἴκοι, "at home").

3. Stands on one of the last three syllables
3. Cannot stand on antepenult if last syllable is long or ends in ξ or ψ. (The acute is "pulled" onto the penult by a long ultima.)
3. If ultima is long, a penult accent must be acute.

3. Stands on one of the last two syllables
3. Only on long syllables
3. Only on penult if ultima is short
3. Long, accented ultimas in the genitive and the dative of all numbers take the circumflex.
3. The genitive plurals of all A-Declension nouns always have the circumflex on the last syllable.

3. Only on the last syllable
3. An oxytone (a word with an accent on its final syllable) changes its accent to grave before other words in the same sentence.

3. A proclitic is an unaccented, monosyllable word, closely attached to the following word.
3. An enclitic throws its accent back onto the preceeding word, and is pronounced as if it were a part of it.

3. An accent on a noun is persistent; id est, it tries to hold its nominative position unless a rule forces a change to the next syllable.

5. A accent on a verb is recessive; id est, it tries to move as close to the front of the word as possible.

Proclitics and Enclitics to Date

• ὁ, οἱ, ἡ, αἱ, εἰς, ἐκ/ἐξ, ἐν, οὐ/οὐκ/οὐχ

Noun Basics

3. Five cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative
3. Three numbers: singular, dual, plural
3. Three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter
3. Three declensions: 1st or A-declension, 2nd or O-Declension, 3rd or Consonant Declension

3. nominative: subject of the sentence or clause
3. genitive: possessive case
3. dative: indirect object
3. accusative: direct object
3. vocative: used for direct address

3. Names of males, rivers, winds, and months (things that run, flow, or change) are usually masculine.
3. Names of females, countries, towns, trees, and islands (solid, earthy, or stationary things) and nouns denoting qualities or conditions are usually feminine.

Declensions

3. Feminine nouns of the A-Declension end in ᾱ, η, or α.
3. Masculine nouns of the A-Declension end in ᾱς or ης.
3. Feminines generally end in ᾱ if ε, ι, or ρ precedes the ending,
4.     otherwise they usually end in η.
6. A few feminines end in α (short). This short alpha appears only in the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular. The genitive and dative have ᾱ if ε, ι, or ρ precedes, otherwise η.
8. Nouns of the O-Declension end in ος (masculine, rarely feminine) or ον (neuter).

3. Adjectives must agree with their nouns in case, gender, and number.

3. Fem 1st Declension, ᾱ: χώρα, country and στρατιά, army (#38, pg 8 and #739, pg 220).
6. Fem 1st Declension, α: γέφυρα, bridge and θάλαττα, sea (#62, pg 14 and #739, pg 220).
4. Fem 1st Declension, η: κώμη, village and σκηνή, tent (#44, pg 10 and #739, pg 220).
8. 2nd Declension, masculine: λόγος, word and ἄνθρωπος, man (#76, pg 18 and #741, pg 221).
8. 2nd Declension, neuter: δῶρον, gift (#76, pg 18 and #741, pg 221).
8. Adjectives of the vowel declension: ἀγαθή, good and ἀξία, worthy (#750, pg 226).
8. The definite article: ἡ, ὁ, τό, the (#758, pg 234).

Verb Basics

5. Active Voice: subject is doing the action
5. Middle Voice: subject is performing the action on or for himself
5. Passive Voice: subject is being acted on.

5. Indicative Mood: used to express statements or questions of fact
5. Imperative Mood: used to make direct commands
5. Subjunctive Mood: used to make "what if" statements or questions
5. Optative Mood: used to make statements or questions that are less certain than the subjunctive

5. (primary tense), Present: for states of being or actions happening now
5. (primary tense), Future: for states of being or actions in the future
5. (primary tense), Perfect: for completed actions having effect on present conditions
5. (primary tense), Future Perfect: for completed actions in the future
5. (secondary tense), Imperfect: for states of being or action in the past
5. (secondary tense), Aorist: for simple completed actions
5. (secondary tense), Pluperfect : for previously completed actions

5. First Person: the one or ones talking
5. Second Person: the one or ones you are talking to
5. Third Person: the one or ones you are talking about

5. Singular, dual, plural, just as in nouns

5. The fundamental part of a verb

Augment

7. Verbs in a secondary tense of the indicative mood receive an augment at the beginning.

7. Prefix ε to verb beginning with a consonant.

7. Lengthen first syllable of verb beginning with a vowel or diphthong.
7. α, ε   ->   η
7. ι, ο, υ   ->   ῑ, ω, ῡ
7. αι, ᾳ   ->   ῃ
7. οι   ->   ῳ

Conjugations

5. Present Active Indicative: λύω, I loose, destroy; ἁρπάζω, I seize, rob, plunder; and ἔχω, I have, hold (#55, pg 12 and #765, pg 238).
7. Imperfect Active Indicative: ἔλυον, I was loosing, I loosed; ἥρπαδζον, I was plotting; and εἶχον(irreg.), I was holding (#67, #68, pg 16 and #765, pg 238).

Prepositions

5. ἐξ, ἐκ -- out of, from.
6. ἐπί -- on, upon.

3. ἐν -- in.
6. ἐπί -- on, by, at.

6. εἰς -- into, to.
6. ἐπί -- upon, to, against.